LBD13099-03-6
S. 7955--B 2
(c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter
imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing monetary liability
on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply
with such posted maximum speed limits through the installation and oper-
ation of photo speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with
article thirty of this chapter, or (c) to adjudicate the liability of
owners for violations of bus lane restrictions as defined by article
twenty-four of this chapter imposed pursuant to a bus rapid transit
program imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for fail-
ure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus lane restrictions
through the installation and operation of bus lane photo devices, in
accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter, or (d) to adjudi-
cate the liability of owners for violations of toll collection regu-
lations imposed by certain public authorities pursuant to the law
authorizing such public authorities to impose monetary liability on the
owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
toll collection regulations of such public authorities through the
installation and operation of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance
with the provisions of section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of
the public authorities law and sections sixteen-a, sixteen-b and
sixteen-c of chapter seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen
hundred fifty, or (e) to adjudicate the liability of owners for
violations of section eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter when
meeting a school bus marked and equipped as provided in subdivisions
twenty and twenty-one-c of section three hundred seventy-five of this
chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or ordinance imposing monetary
liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof
to comply with school bus red visual signals through the installation
and operation of school bus photo violation monitoring systems, in
accordance with article twenty-nine of this chapter, or (f) to adjudi-
cate the liability of owners for violations of section three hundred
eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the applicable covered
agency or covered authority as such terms are defined in article ten of
this chapter in relation to gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight
violations imposed pursuant to a weigh in motion demonstration program
imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an
operator thereof to comply with such gross vehicle weight and/or axle
weight restrictions through the installation and operation of weigh in
motion violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article ten of
this chapter, or (g) to adjudicate the liability of owners for
violations of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred
eighty of this chapter imposed pursuant to a demonstration program
imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an
operator thereof to comply with such posted maximum speed limits within
a highway construction or maintenance work area through the installation
and operation of photo speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance
with article thirty of this chapter, or (h) to adjudicate the liability
of owners for violations of bus operation-related traffic regulations as
defined by article twenty-four of this chapter imposed pursuant to a
demonstration program imposing monetary liability on the owner of a
vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus oper-
ation-related traffic regulations through the installation and operation
of bus operation-related photo devices, in accordance with article twen-
ty-four of this chapter. Such tribunal, except in a city with a popu-
lation of one million or more, shall also have jurisdiction of abandoned
vehicle violations. For the purposes of this article, a parking
S. 7955--B 3
violation is the violation of any law, rule or regulation providing for
or regulating the parking, stopping or standing of a vehicle. In addi-
tion for purposes of this article, "commissioner" shall mean and include
the commissioner of traffic of the city or an official possessing
authority as such a commissioner.
d. The commissioner shall appoint hearing examiners who shall preside
at hearings for the adjudication of charges of parking violations AND
OTHER VIOLATIONS AUTHORIZED BY LAW. Hearing examiners shall be
appointed and shall serve for such number of sessions as may be deter-
mined by the commissioner and shall receive therefor, such remuneration
as may be fixed. Such hearing examiners shall not be considered employ-
ees of the COUNTY, city, TOWN, OR VILLAGE in which the administrative
tribunal has been established. Every hearing examiner shall have been
admitted to the practice of law in this state for a period of at least
five years, except in cities having a population of one million or more
persons where they shall have been admitted to such practice for a peri-
od of at least three years. Hearing examiners shall be appointed from a
list of eligible candidates who have satisfied the standards established
by a duly constituted committee of the bar association of the county in
which the city is located or, the association of the bar of that city.
§ 2. Subparagraph (i) of paragraph a of subdivision 5-a of section 401
of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by section 7 of part N of
chapter 58 of the laws of 2025, is amended to read as follows:
(i) If at the time of application for a registration or renewal there-
of there is a certification from a court, parking violations bureau,
traffic and parking violations agency or administrative tribunal of
appropriate jurisdiction that the registrant or their representative
failed to appear on the return date or any subsequent adjourned date or
failed to comply with the rules and regulations of an administrative
tribunal following entry of a final decision in response to EITHER a
total of three or more summonses or other process in the aggregate,
issued within an eighteen month period, OR SUMMONSES OR OTHER PROCESS IN
THE AGGREGATE RESULTING IN TOTAL MONETARY LIABILITY OF TWO HUNDRED FIFTY
DOLLARS OR GREATER, charging either that: (i) such motor vehicle was
parked, stopped or standing, or that such motor vehicle was operated for
hire by the registrant or their agent without being licensed as a motor
vehicle for hire by the appropriate local authority, in violation of any
of the provisions of this chapter or of any law, ordinance, rule or
regulation made by a local authority; or (ii) the registrant was liable
for a violation of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of
this chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or ordinance imposing mone-
tary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator
thereof to comply with traffic-control indications through the installa-
tion and operation of traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring
systems, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter; or
(iii) the registrant was liable for a violation of subdivision (b), (c),
(d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter imposed
pursuant to a demonstration program imposing monetary liability on the
owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
such posted maximum speed limits through the installation and operation
of photo speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article
thirty of this chapter; or (iv) the registrant was liable for a
violation of bus lane restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of
this chapter imposed pursuant to a bus rapid transit program imposing
monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator
thereof to comply with such bus lane restrictions through the installa-
S. 7955--B 4
tion and operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article
twenty-four of this chapter; or (v) the registrant was liable for a
violation of section eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter when
meeting a school bus marked and equipped as provided in subdivisions
twenty and twenty-one-c of section three hundred seventy-five of this
chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or ordinance imposing monetary
liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof
to comply with school bus red visual signals through the installation
and operation of school bus photo violation monitoring systems, in
accordance with article twenty-nine of this chapter; or (vi) the regis-
trant was liable for a violation of section three hundred eighty-five of
this chapter and the rules of the applicable covered agency or covered
authority as such terms are defined in article ten of this chapter in
relation to gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight violations imposed
pursuant to a weigh in motion demonstration program imposing monetary
liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof
to comply with such gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight restrictions
through the installation and operation of weigh in motion violation
monitoring systems, in accordance with article ten of this chapter; or
(vii) the registrant was liable for a violation of subdivision (b), (d),
(f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter imposed
pursuant to a demonstration program imposing monetary liability on the
owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
such posted maximum speed limits within a highway construction or main-
tenance work area through the installation and operation of photo speed
violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of this
chapter, or (viii) the registrant was liable for a violation of bus
operation-related traffic regulations as defined by article twenty-four
of this chapter imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing
monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator
thereof to comply with such bus operation-related traffic regulations
through the installation and operation of bus operation-related photo
devices, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter, the
commissioner or their agent shall deny the registration or renewal
application until the applicant provides proof from the court, traffic
and parking violations agency or administrative tribunal wherein the
charges are pending that an appearance or answer has been made or in the
case of an administrative tribunal that such applicant has complied with
the rules and regulations of said tribunal following entry of a final
decision. Where an application is denied pursuant to this section, the
commissioner may, in their discretion, deny a registration or renewal
application to any other person for the same vehicle and may deny a
registration or renewal application for any other motor vehicle regis-
tered in the name of the applicant where the commissioner has determined
that such registrant's intent has been to evade the purposes of this
subdivision and where the commissioner has reasonable grounds to believe
that such registration or renewal will have the effect of defeating the
purposes of this subdivision. Such denial shall only remain in effect as
long as the summonses remain unanswered, or in the case of an adminis-
trative tribunal, the registrant fails to comply with the rules and
regulations following entry of a final decision.
§ 3. Subdivision (a) of section 1174 of the vehicle and traffic law,
as amended by chapter 597 of the laws of 1990, is amended to read as
follows:
(a) The driver of a vehicle upon a public highway, street or private
road upon meeting or overtaking from either direction any school bus,
S. 7955--B 5
FOR WHICH THERE SHALL BE A REBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION THAT SUCH SCHOOL BUS
WAS marked and equipped as provided in subdivision twenty of section
three hundred seventy-five of this chapter which has stopped on the
public highway, street or private road for the purpose of receiving or
discharging any passengers, or which has stopped because a school bus in
front of it has stopped to receive or discharge any passengers, shall
stop the vehicle before reaching such school bus when there is in opera-
tion on said school bus a red visual signal as specified in subdivision
twenty of section three hundred seventy-five of this chapter and said
driver shall not proceed until such school bus resumes motion, or until
signaled by the driver or a police officer to proceed. For the purposes
of this section, and in addition to the provisions of section one
hundred thirty-four of this chapter, the term "public highway" shall
mean any area used for the parking of motor vehicles or used as a drive-
way located on the grounds of a school or of a board of cooperative
educational services facility or any area used as a means of access to
and egress from such school or facility.
§ 4. Paragraphs 1 and 2 of subdivision (a) of section 1174-a of the
vehicle and traffic law, as amended by section 1 of part AA of chapter
56 of the laws of 2024, are amended to read as follows:
1. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a county, city, town or
village located within a school district ("district") is hereby author-
ized and empowered to adopt and amend a local law or ordinance APPLICA-
BLE TO ALL ROADWAYS WITHIN ITS BOUNDARIES establishing a demonstration
program imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for fail-
ure of an operator thereof to comply with subdivision (a) of section
eleven hundred seventy-four of this article when meeting a school bus
marked and equipped as provided in subdivisions twenty and twenty-one-c
of section three hundred seventy-five of this chapter and operated in
such county, city, town or village, in accordance with the provisions of
this section. Such demonstration program shall empower such county,
city, town or village to install and operate school bus photo violation
monitoring systems which may be stationary or mobile, and which may be
installed, pursuant to an agreement with a school district within such
county, city, town or village, on school buses owned and operated by
such school district or privately owned and operated for compensation
under contract with such district. Provided, however, that (a) no
stationary school bus photo violation monitoring system shall be
installed or operated by a county, city, town or village except on road-
ways under the jurisdiction of such county, city, town or village, and
(b) no mobile school bus photo violation monitoring system shall be
installed or operated on any such school buses unless such county, city,
town or village and such district enter into an agreement for such
installation and operation.
2. Any image or images captured by school bus photo violation monitor-
ing systems shall be inadmissible in any disciplinary proceeding
convened by any school district or any school bus contractor thereof,
and any proceeding initiated by the department involving licensure priv-
ileges of school bus operators. [Any] NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER
PROVISION OF THIS SECTION, ANY school bus photo violation monitoring
device mounted on a school bus shall be directed outwardly from such
school bus to capture images of vehicles operated in violation of subdi-
vision (a) of section eleven hundred seventy-four of this article, and
images produced by such device shall not be used for any other purpose,
INCLUDING FEDERAL IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE, EXCEPT AS PROVIDED
S. 7955--B 6
BY SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED ELEVEN-C OF THIS TITLE, FOR STATISTICAL
PURPOSES, EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES, OR OTHER GOVERNMENTAL PURPOSES.
§ 5. Subparagraph (i) of paragraph 3 of subdivision (a) of section
1174-a of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by chapter 145 of the
laws of 2019, is amended to read as follows:
(i) [Any] UNTIL FINAL DISPOSITION OF A NOTICE OF LIABILITY ISSUED
PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION, ANY participating school district shall be
prohibited from accessing any photographs, microphotographs, videotapes,
other recorded images or data from school bus photo violation monitoring
systems ALLEGEDLY EVIDENCING A MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATED IN VIOLATION OF
SUBDIVISION (A) OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED SEVENTY-FOUR OF THIS ARTICLE,
but shall provide, pursuant to an agreement with a county, city, town or
village as provided in this section, for the proper handling and custody
of such photographs, microphotographs, videotapes, other recorded images
and data produced by such systems, and for the forwarding of such photo-
graphs, microphotographs, videotapes, other recorded images and data to
the applicable county, city, town or village for the purpose of deter-
mining whether a motor vehicle was operated in violation of subdivision
(a) of section eleven hundred seventy-four of this [title] ARTICLE and
imposing monetary liability on the owner of such motor vehicle therefor.
§ 6. Paragraph 4 of subdivision (a) of section 1174-a of the vehicle
and traffic law, as added by chapter 145 of the laws of 2019, subpara-
graph (iii) as amended by section 1 of part AA of chapter 56 of the laws
of 2024, is amended to read as follows:
4. A county, city, town or village establishing a demonstration
program pursuant to this section shall adopt and enforce measures to
protect the privacy of drivers, passengers, pedestrians and cyclists
whose identity and identifying information may be captured by a school
bus photo violation monitoring device. Such measures shall include:
(i) utilization of necessary technologies to ensure, to the extent
practicable, that photographs produced by such school bus photo
violation monitoring systems shall not include images that identify the
driver, the passengers, the contents of the vehicle, pedestrians and
cyclists. Provided, however, that no notice of liability issued pursuant
to this section shall be dismissed solely because a photograph or photo-
graphs allow for the identification of the contents of a vehicle,
provided that such county, city, town or village has made a reasonable
effort to comply with the provisions of this paragraph;
(ii) a prohibition on the use or dissemination of vehicles' license
plate information and other information and images captured by school
bus photo violation monitoring systems except: (A) as required to estab-
lish liability under this section or collect payment of penalties; (B)
as required by court order; or (C) as otherwise required PERMITTED by
law;
(iii) the installation of signage in conformance with standards estab-
lished in the MUTCD at each roadway entrance of the jurisdictional boun-
daries of such county, city, town or village giving notice that school
bus photo violation monitoring systems are used to enforce restrictions
on vehicles violating subdivision (a) of section eleven hundred seven-
ty-four of this article. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term
"roadway" shall not include state expressway routes or state interstate
routes but shall include controlled-access highway exit ramps that enter
the jurisdictional boundaries of a county, city, town or village; and
(iv) oversight procedures to ensure compliance with the aforementioned
privacy protection measures.
S. 7955--B 7
§ 7. Subdivision (c) of section 1174-a of the vehicle and traffic law,
as added by chapter 145 of the laws of 2019, is amended to read as
follows:
(c) For purposes of this section, the following terms shall have the
following meanings: "county" shall have the meaning provided in section
three of the county law, except that such term shall not include any
county wholly contained within a city; "LOCAL TRIBUNAL" SHALL MEAN A
TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS BUREAU ESTABLISHED PURSUANT TO SECTION THREE HUNDRED
SEVENTY OF THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW WHERE THE VIOLATION OCCURRED OR, IF
THERE BE NONE, BY THE COURT HAVING JURISDICTION OVER TRAFFIC INFRACTIONS
WHERE THE VIOLATION OCCURRED, EXCEPT THAT IF A COUNTY, CITY, TOWN, OR
VILLAGE HAS ESTABLISHED AN ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL TO HEAR AND DETERMINE
COMPLAINTS OF TRAFFIC INFRACTIONS CONSTITUTING PARKING, STANDING OR
STOPPING VIOLATIONS SUCH COUNTY, CITY, TOWN, OR VILLAGE MAY, BY LOCAL
LAW, AUTHORIZE SUCH ADJUDICATION BY SUCH TRIBUNAL AND EXCEPT THAT ADJU-
DICATION OF LIABILITY IMPOSED UPON OWNERS BY THIS SECTION FOR VIOLATIONS
OCCURRING IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK SHALL BE BY THE NEW YORK CITY PARKING
VIOLATIONS BUREAU; "manual on uniform traffic control devices" or
"MUTCD" shall mean the manual and specifications for a uniform system of
traffic control devices maintained by the commissioner of transportation
pursuant to section sixteen hundred eighty of this chapter; "owner"
shall have the meaning provided in article two-B of this chapter;
"SCHOOL DISTRICT" SHALL HAVE THE MEANING AS "EDUCATIONAL AGENCY" AS
PROVIDED IN SECTION TWO-D OF THE EDUCATION LAW; and "school bus photo
violation monitoring system" shall mean a device that is capable of
operating independently of an enforcement officer which is installed to
work in conjunction with a school bus stop-arm and which automatically
produces two or more photographs, two or more microphotographs, a vide-
otape or other recorded images of a vehicle at the time it is used or
operated in violation of subdivision (a) of section eleven hundred
seventy-four of this article.
§ 8. Paragraph 2 of subdivision (g) of section 1174-a of the vehicle
and traffic law, as amended by section 4 of part AA of chapter 56 of the
laws of 2024, is amended and a new paragraph 4 is added to read as
follows:
2. A notice of liability shall contain the name and address of the
person alleged to be liable as an owner for a violation of subdivision
(a) of section eleven hundred seventy-four of this article pursuant to
this section[,]; the registration number of the vehicle involved in such
violation[,]; the location where such violation took place, the date and
time of such violation[,]; the identification number of the school bus
photo violation monitoring system which recorded the violation or other
document locator number[,]; and the registration number of the school
bus on which the school bus photo violation monitoring system which
recorded the violation was installed; INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAYMENT, NOTING
THAT PAYMENT IS DEEMED AN ADMISSION OF LIABILITY; INFORMATION ADVISING
THE PERSON CHARGED OF THE MANNER AND THE TIME IN WHICH THEY MAY CONTEST
THE LIABILITY ALLEGED IN THE NOTICE WITHIN THIRTY-SEVEN DAYS OF RECEIPT,
WHICH MAY INCLUDE AN IN-PERSON HEARING IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS
OF SUBDIVISION (H) OF THIS SECTION, AND AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LOCAL
TRIBUNAL, MAY ALSO INCLUDE CONTESTATION BY ONLINE VIDEO CONFERENCING OR
BY MAIL THROUGH SUBMISSION OF A WRITTEN EXPLANATION.
4. FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION, THE NOTICE OF LIABILITY CONTAIN-
ING THE INFORMATION SET FORTH IN PARAGRAPH TWO OF THIS SUBDIVISION SHALL
BE DEEMED SUFFICIENT TO INITIATE PROCEEDINGS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE
S. 7955--B 8
PROCEDURES SET FORTH IN THIS SUBDIVISION AND SUBDIVISION (H) OF THIS
SECTION.
§ 9. Subdivision (h) of section 1174-a of the vehicle and traffic law,
as added by chapter 145 of the laws of 2019, is amended to read as
follows:
(h) Adjudication of the liability imposed upon owners by this section
shall be by [a traffic violations bureau established pursuant to section
three hundred seventy of the general municipal law where the violation
occurred or, if there be none, by the court having jurisdiction over
traffic infractions where the violation occurred, except that if a city
has established an administrative tribunal to hear and determine
complaints of traffic infractions constituting parking, standing or
stopping violations such city may, by local law, authorize such adjudi-
cation by such tribunal] A LOCAL TRIBUNAL PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION. FOR
ANY LOCAL TRIBUNAL PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION HAVING JURISDICTION OVER
TRAFFIC INFRACTIONS WHERE THE VIOLATION OCCURRED, A NOTICE OF LIABILITY
VALIDLY IMPOSED IN ACCORDANCE WITH SUBDIVISION (G) OF THIS SECTION SHALL
BE VALID FOR PURPOSES OF SUCH TRIBUNAL ADJUDICATING SUCH LIABILITY, AND
SUCH TRIBUNAL SHALL ADJUDICATE SUCH LIABILITY IN A MANNER NOT INCONSIST-
ENT WITH THE PROCEDURES FOR A HEARING OFFICER PURSUANT TO PARAGRAPHS
(A), (B) AND (C) OF SUBDIVISION TWO OF SECTIONS TWO HUNDRED FORTY AND
TWO HUNDRED FORTY-ONE OF THIS CHAPTER. PROVIDED, HOWEVER, SUBSEQUENT
JUDICIAL REVIEW MAY BE SOUGHT PURSUANT TO ARTICLE SEVENTY-EIGHT OF THE
CIVIL PRACTICE LAW AND RULES. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER PROVISION OF
LAW, SUCH LOCAL TRIBUNAL MAY ADJUDICATE SUCH LIABILITY REMOTELY BY
ONLINE VIDEO CONFERENCING OR BY MAIL THROUGH SUBMISSION OF A WRITTEN
EXPLANATION. WITHIN FOURTEEN BUSINESS DAYS AFTER THE LOCAL TRIBUNAL HAS
RENDERED A DECISION, A NOTICE OF DECISION SHALL BE PREPARED AND SENT BY
FIRST CLASS MAIL TO THE OWNER BY THE LOCAL TRIBUNAL OR ITS DESIGNEE. A
MANUAL OR AUTOMATIC RECORD OF MAILING PREPARED IN THE ORDINARY COURSE OF
BUSINESS SHALL BE PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF THE FACTS CONTAINED THEREIN.
IF THE OWNER IS DEEMED LIABLE, THEY SHALL BE NOTIFIED THAT NONPAYMENT OF
THE PENALTY IMPOSED IN THE MANNER AND TIME PROVIDED SHALL BE DEEMED AN
ADMISSION OF LIABILITY AND THAT A DEFAULT JUDGMENT MAY BE ENTERED THERE-
ON.
§ 10. Paragraphs 1, 2 and 2-b of subdivision (a) of section 1180-e of
the vehicle and traffic law, paragraphs 1 and 2 as amended by section 1
and paragraph 2-b as added by section 2 of part Q of chapter 58 of the
laws of 2025, are amended to read as follows:
1. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the commissioner of
transportation is hereby authorized to establish a demonstration program
imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an
operator thereof to comply with posted maximum speed limits in a highway
construction or maintenance work area located on a controlled-access
highway: (i) when highway construction or maintenance work is occurring
and a work area speed limit is in effect as provided in paragraph two of
subdivision (d) or subdivision (f) of section eleven hundred eighty of
this article; or (ii) when highway construction or maintenance work is
occurring and other speed limits are in effect as provided in subdivi-
sion (b) or (g) or paragraph one of subdivision (d) of section eleven
hundred eighty of this article. Such demonstration program shall empower
the commissioner to install photo speed violation monitoring systems
within no more than forty highway construction or maintenance work areas
located on controlled-access highways and to operate such systems within
such work areas; (iii) when highway construction or maintenance work is
occurring and a work area speed limit is in effect as provided in para-
S. 7955--B 9
graph two of subdivision (d) or subdivision (f) of section eleven
hundred eighty of this article; or (iv) when highway construction or
maintenance work is occurring and other speed limits are in effect as
provided in subdivision (b) or (g) or paragraph one of subdivision (d)
of section eleven hundred eighty of this article. The commissioner, in
consultation with the superintendent of the division of state police,
shall determine the location of the highway construction or maintenance
work areas located on a controlled-access highway in which to install
and operate photo speed violation monitoring systems. In selecting a
highway construction or maintenance work area in which to install and
operate a photo speed violation monitoring system, the commissioner
shall consider criteria including, but not limited to, the speed data,
crash history, and roadway geometry applicable to such highway
construction or maintenance work area. A photo speed violation monitor-
ing system shall not be installed or operated on a controlled-access
highway exit ramp. THE COMMISSIONER AND A LOCAL TRIBUNAL MAY ENTER INTO
A MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING FOR THE PURPOSES OF FACILITATING ADJUDI-
CATION OF LIABILITY IMPOSED UPON OWNERS BY THIS SECTION. SUCH MEMORANDUM
MAY ADDRESS PROVISIONS FOR COST SHARING AND PROSECUTORIAL RESPONSIBIL-
ITIES.
2. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, after holding a public
hearing in accordance with the public officers law and subsequent
approval of the establishment of a demonstration program in accordance
with this section by a majority of the members of the entire board of
the thruway authority, the chair of the thruway authority is hereby
authorized to establish a demonstration program imposing monetary
liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof
to comply with posted maximum speed limits in a highway construction or
maintenance work area located on the thruway: (i) when highway
construction or maintenance work is occurring and a work area speed
limit is in effect as provided in paragraph two of subdivision (d) or
subdivision (f) of section eleven hundred eighty of this article; or
(ii) when highway construction or maintenance work is occurring and
other speed limits are in effect as provided in subdivision (b) or (g)
or paragraph one of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eighty of
this article. Such demonstration program shall empower such chair to
install photo speed violation monitoring systems within no more than
twenty highway construction or maintenance work areas located on the
thruway and to operate such systems within such work areas; (iii) when
highway construction or maintenance work is occurring and a work area
speed limit is in effect as provided in paragraph two of subdivision (d)
or subdivision (f) of section eleven hundred eighty of this article; or
(iv) when highway construction or maintenance work is occurring and
other speed limits are in effect as provided in subdivision (b) or (g)
or paragraph one of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eighty of
this article. The chair of the thruway authority, in consultation with
the superintendent of the division of state police, shall determine the
location of the highway construction or maintenance work areas located
on the thruway in which to install and operate photo speed violation
monitoring systems. In selecting a highway construction or maintenance
work area in which to install and operate a photo speed violation moni-
toring system, such chair shall consider criteria including, but not
limited to, the speed data, crash history, and roadway geometry applica-
ble to such highway construction or maintenance work area. A photo speed
violation monitoring system shall not be installed or operated on a
thruway exit ramp. THE CHAIR OF THE THRUWAY AUTHORITY AND A LOCAL
S. 7955--B 10
TRIBUNAL MAY ENTER INTO A MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING FOR THE PURPOSES
OF FACILITATING ADJUDICATION OF LIABILITY IMPOSED UPON OWNERS BY THIS
SECTION. SUCH MEMORANDUM MAY ADDRESS PROVISIONS FOR COST SHARING AND
PROSECUTORIAL RESPONSIBILITIES.
2-b. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, after holding a
public hearing in accordance with the public officers law and subsequent
approval of the establishment of a demonstration program in accordance
with this section by a majority of the members of the entire board of
the bridge authority, the chair of the bridge authority is hereby
authorized to establish a demonstration program imposing monetary
liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof
to comply with posted maximum speed limits in a highway construction or
maintenance work area located on bridge authority facilities: (i) when
highway construction or maintenance work is occurring and a work area
speed limit is in effect as provided in paragraph two of subdivision (d)
or subdivision (f) of section eleven hundred eighty of this article; or
(ii) when highway construction or maintenance work is occurring and
other speed limits are in effect as provided in subdivision (b) or (g)
or paragraph one of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eighty of
this article. Such demonstration program shall empower such chair to
install photo speed violation monitoring systems within no more than
five highway construction or maintenance work areas located on bridge
authority facilities and to operate such systems within such work areas;
(iii) when highway construction or maintenance work is occurring and a
work area speed limit is in effect as provided in paragraph two of
subdivision (d) or subdivision (f) of section eleven hundred eighty of
this article; or (iv) when highway construction or maintenance work is
occurring and other speed limits are in effect as provided in subdivi-
sion (b) or (g) or paragraph one of subdivision (d) of section eleven
hundred eighty of this article. The chair of the bridge authority, in
consultation with the superintendent of the division of state police,
shall determine the location of the highway construction or maintenance
work areas located on bridge authority facilities in which to install
and operate photo speed violation monitoring systems. In selecting a
highway construction or maintenance work area in which to install and
operate a photo speed violation monitoring system, such chair shall
consider criteria including, but not limited to, the speed data, crash
history, and roadway geometry applicable to such highway construction or
maintenance work area. The New York state department of transportation
may enter into a memorandum of understanding with the bridge authority
for the purposes of coordinating the planning, design, and installation
of photo speed violation monitoring systems in such photo speed
violation monitoring demonstration program. Such memorandum shall
address, for purposes of such demonstration program, the use of systems,
devices and other facilities owned and operated by the state. THE CHAIR
OF THE BRIDGE AUTHORITY AND A LOCAL TRIBUNAL MAY ENTER INTO A MEMORANDUM
OF UNDERSTANDING FOR THE PURPOSES OF FACILITATING ADJUDICATION OF
LIABILITY IMPOSED UPON OWNERS BY THIS SECTION. SUCH MEMORANDUM MAY
ADDRESS PROVISIONS FOR COST SHARING AND PROSECUTORIAL RESPONSIBILITIES.
§ 11. Paragraphs 12 and 13 of subdivision (c) of section 1180-e of the
vehicle and traffic law, as added by section 2 of part Q of chapter 58
of the laws of 2025, are amended and a new paragraph 14 is added to read
as follows:
12. "Triborough bridge and tunnel authority" shall mean the corpo-
ration organized pursuant to section five hundred fifty-two of the
public authorities law; [and]
S. 7955--B 11
13. "Triborough bridge and tunnel authority facility" shall mean the
following bridges and tunnels under the jurisdiction of the Triborough
bridge and tunnel authority: the Bronx-Whitestone bridge; the Cross Bay
Veterans Memorial bridge; the Henry Hudson bridge; the Marine Parkway-
Gil Hodges Memorial bridge; the Robert F. Kennedy bridge; the Throgs
Neck bridge; the Verrazzano-Narrows bridge; the Hugh L. Carey tunnel;
and the Queens Midtown tunnel[.]; AND
14. "LOCAL TRIBUNAL" SHALL MEAN A TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS BUREAU ESTAB-
LISHED PURSUANT TO SECTION THREE HUNDRED SEVENTY OF THE GENERAL MUNICI-
PAL LAW WHERE THE VIOLATION OCCURRED OR, IF THERE BE NONE, BY THE COURT
HAVING JURISDICTION OVER TRAFFIC INFRACTIONS WHERE THE VIOLATION
OCCURRED, EXCEPT THAT IF A COUNTY, CITY, TOWN, OR VILLAGE HAS ESTAB-
LISHED AN ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL TO HEAR AND DETERMINE COMPLAINTS OF
TRAFFIC INFRACTIONS CONSTITUTING PARKING, STANDING OR STOPPING
VIOLATIONS SUCH COUNTY, CITY, TOWN, OR VILLAGE MAY, BY LOCAL LAW,
AUTHORIZE SUCH ADJUDICATION BY SUCH TRIBUNAL AND EXCEPT THAT ADJUDI-
CATION OF LIABILITY IMPOSED UPON OWNERS BY THIS SECTION FOR VIOLATIONS
OCCURRING IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK SHALL BE BY THE NEW YORK CITY PARKING
VIOLATIONS BUREAU.
§ 12. Subdivision (g) of section 1180-e of the vehicle and traffic law
is amended by adding a new paragraph 5 to read as follows:
5. FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION, THE NOTICE OF LIABILITY CONTAIN-
ING THE INFORMATION SET FORTH IN PARAGRAPH TWO OF THIS SUBDIVISION SHALL
BE DEEMED SUFFICIENT TO INITIATE PROCEEDINGS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE
PROCEDURES SET FORTH IN THIS SUBDIVISION AND SUBDIVISION (H) OF THIS
SECTION.
§ 13. Subdivision (h) of section 1180-e of the vehicle and traffic
law, as amended by section 2 of part Q of chapter 58 of the laws of
2025, is amended to read as follows:
(h) Adjudication of the liability imposed upon owners by this section
shall be by a [traffic violations bureau established pursuant to section
three hundred seventy of the general municipal law where the violation
occurred or, if there be none, by the court having jurisdiction over
traffic infractions where the violation occurred, except that if a city
has established an administrative tribunal to hear and determine
complaints of traffic infractions constituting parking, standing or
stopping violations such city may, by local law, authorize such adjudi-
cation by such tribunal and except that adjudication of liability
imposed upon owners by this section for violations occurring in the city
of New York shall be by the New York city parking violations bureau.]
LOCAL TRIBUNAL PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION. FOR ANY LOCAL TRIBUNAL PURSUANT
TO THIS SECTION HAVING JURISDICTION OVER TRAFFIC INFRACTIONS WHERE THE
VIOLATION OCCURRED, A NOTICE OF LIABILITY VALIDLY IMPOSED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH SUBDIVISION (G) OF THIS SECTION SHALL BE VALID FOR PURPOSES OF SUCH
TRIBUNAL ADJUDICATING SUCH LIABILITY, AND SUCH TRIBUNAL SHALL ADJUDICATE
SUCH LIABILITY IN A MANNER NOT INCONSISTENT WITH THE PROCEDURES FOR A
HEARING OFFICER PURSUANT TO PARAGRAPHS (A), (B) AND (C) OF SUBDIVISION
TWO OF SECTIONS TWO HUNDRED FORTY AND TWO HUNDRED FORTY-ONE OF THIS
CHAPTER. PROVIDED, HOWEVER, SUBSEQUENT JUDICIAL REVIEW MAY BE SOUGHT
PURSUANT TO ARTICLE SEVENTY-EIGHT OF THE CIVIL PRACTICE LAW AND RULES.
NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER PROVISION OF LAW, SUCH LOCAL TRIBUNAL MAY
ADJUDICATE SUCH LIABILITY REMOTELY BY ONLINE VIDEO CONFERENCING OR BY
MAIL THROUGH SUBMISSION OF A WRITTEN EXPLANATION. WITHIN FOURTEEN BUSI-
NESS DAYS AFTER THE LOCAL TRIBUNAL HAS RENDERED A DECISION, A NOTICE OF
DECISION SHALL BE PREPARED AND SENT BY FIRST CLASS MAIL TO THE OWNER BY
THE LOCAL TRIBUNAL OR ITS DESIGNEE. A MANUAL OR AUTOMATIC RECORD OF
S. 7955--B 12
MAILING PREPARED IN THE ORDINARY COURSE OF BUSINESS SHALL BE PRIMA FACIE
EVIDENCE OF THE FACTS CONTAINED THEREIN. IF THE OWNER IS DEEMED LIABLE,
THEY SHALL BE NOTIFIED THAT NONPAYMENT OF THE PENALTY IMPOSED IN THE
MANNER AND TIME PROVIDED SHALL BE DEEMED AN ADMISSION OF LIABILITY AND
THAT A DEFAULT JUDGMENT MAY BE ENTERED THEREON.
§ 14. The opening paragraph of subparagraph (i) of paragraph 2 of
subdivision (j) of section 1180-e of the vehicle and traffic law, as
amended by section 2 of part Q of chapter 58 of the laws of 2025, is
amended to read as follows:
In the city of New York and in any COUNTY, city, TOWN, OR VILLAGE
which, by local law, has authorized the adjudication of liability
imposed upon owners by this section by a parking violations bureau, an
owner who is a lessor of a vehicle to which a notice of liability was
issued pursuant to subdivision (g) of this section shall not be liable
for the violation of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven
hundred eighty of this article, provided that:
§ 15. Subdivision 10 of section 1803 of the vehicle and traffic law,
as added by chapter 145 of the laws of 2019, is amended to read as
follows:
10. Except WHERE A COUNTY BY LOCAL LAW HAS AUTHORIZED AN ADMINISTRA-
TIVE TRIBUNAL TO HEAR IMPOSITIONS OF MONETARY LIABILITY ON THE OWNER OF
A VEHICLE FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH SECTION
ELEVEN HUNDRED SEVENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION
ELEVEN HUNDRED SEVENTY-FOUR-A OF THIS CHAPTER OR as otherwise provided
in paragraph e of subdivision one of this section, where a county has
established a demonstration program imposing monetary liability on the
owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
section eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter in accordance with
section eleven hundred seventy-four-a of this chapter, any fine or
penalty collected by a court, judge, magistrate or other officer for an
imposition of liability which occurs within such county pursuant to such
program shall be paid to the state comptroller within the first ten days
of the month following collection. Every such payment shall be accompa-
nied by a statement in such form and detail as the comptroller shall
provide. The comptroller shall pay ninety percent of any such fine or
penalty imposed for such liability to the county in which the violation
giving rise to the liability occurred, and ten percent of any such fine
or penalty to the city, town or village in which the violation giving
rise to the liability occurred.
§ 16. This act shall take effect immediately; provided, however, that
the amendments to:
1. paragraphs 1 and 2 of subdivision (a) of section 1174-a of the
vehicle and traffic law made by section four of this act shall not
affect the repeal of such section and shall be deemed repealed there-
with;
2. subparagraph (i) of paragraph 3 of subdivision (a) of section
1174-a of the vehicle and traffic law made by section five of this act
shall not affect the repeal of such section and shall be deemed repealed
therewith;
3. paragraph 4 of subdivision (a) of section 1174-a of the vehicle and
traffic law made by section six of this act shall not affect the repeal
of such section and shall be deemed repealed therewith;
4. subdivision (c) of section 1174-a of the vehicle and traffic law
made by section seven of this act shall not affect the repeal of such
section and shall be deemed repealed therewith;
S. 7955--B 13
5. paragraph 2 of subdivision (g) of section 1174-a of the vehicle and
traffic law made by section eight of this act shall not affect the
repeal of such section and shall be deemed repealed therewith;
6. subdivision (h) of section 1174-a of the vehicle and traffic law
made by section nine of this act shall not affect the repeal of such
section and shall be deemed repealed therewith;
7. paragraphs 1, 2 and 2-b of subdivision (a) of section 1180-e of the
vehicle and traffic law made by section ten of this act shall not affect
the repeal of such section and shall be deemed repealed therewith;
8. paragraphs 12, 13 and 14 of subdivision (c) of section 1180-e of
the vehicle and traffic law made by section eleven of this act shall not
affect the repeal of such section and shall be deemed repealed there-
with;
9. paragraph 5 of subdivision (g) of section 1180-e of the vehicle and
traffic law made by section twelve of this act shall not affect the
repeal of such section and shall be deemed repealed therewith;
10. subdivision (h) of section 1180-e of the vehicle and traffic law
made by section thirteen of this act shall not affect the repeal of such
section and shall be deemed repealed therewith;
11. subparagraph (i) of paragraph 2 of subdivision (j) of section
1180-e of the vehicle and traffic law made by section fourteen of this
act shall not affect the repeal of such section and shall be deemed
repealed therewith; and
12. subdivision 10 of section 1803 of the vehicle and traffic law made
by section fifteen of this act shall not affect the repeal of such
subdivision and shall be deemed repealed therewith.
